10.1 Adjectives Followed by Infinitives

Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives. In general, these a djectives describe a person or people, not a thing. Many of these adjectives d escribe a person's feelings or attitudes.

Glad to	Happy to	Pleased to	Delighted to
Content to	Relieved to	Fortunate to	Sorry to
Sad to	Upset to	Disappointed to	Proud to
Ashamed to	Ready to	Prepared to	Anxious to
Eager to	Willing to	Motivated to	Careful to
Hesitant to	Reluctant to	Afraid to	Determined to
Lucky to	Surprised to	Amazed to	Astonished to
Shocked to	Stunned to

Examples:

I am happy to see you in class.

I am willing to learn English.

She is glad to discover new things about science.

He is eager to find out about this new schedule.

They are surprised to hear the bad news.

        Excercise 1

Complete the sentences with Infinitive Verbs that make sense with the sentence.

Examples:

I was glad to get a letter from you.
I was relieved to find out that I had passed the exam.

1. Sue is lucky alive after the accident.

2. The soldiers were prepared .

3. The children are anxious to the circus.

4. Dick didn't feel like going anywhere. He was content at home and read a book.

5. The teacher is always willing us.

6. The students are motivated English.

7. Be careful not on the icy sidewalks.

8. Tom was hesitant home alone in the dark street.

9. Sally is afraid home alone.

10. Ann is proud the top student in her class.

11. I was surprised Mr. Yamamoto at the meeting.

12. We were sorry the bad news.

10.2 Adjective Clauses

First we are going to identify some specific terms we need to understand:

Clause: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

Independent Clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence that contains the main subject and verb. The independent clause is also called the main clause.

Dependent Clause: A Dependent Clause is an incomplete sentence that must be connected to an independent clause.

Adjective Clause: An Adjective Clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies or gives further information about a noun. This clause is also called a Relative Clause.

Examples:

We will use the terms Independent Clause and Adjective Clause. When we have an adjective clause, we have two clauses joined by a pronoun as an object or subject. Lets find out!

10.2.1 Using Subject Pronouns (who, which and that)

These are the connectors that you can use in this case.

who: Used for people.

which: Used for things.

that: Used for both people and things.

You will understand with these examples.

We want to join these two sentences. These are both independent clauses b ecause they are complete sentences that stand alone.

Examples:

I thanked the woman.
She helped me.

She is not used when connecting. The connector takes its place.

1st option

Now that we have joined them the first sentence is the Independent Clause and the second sentence becomes the Adjective Clause because who helped me is not a complete sentence.

We used who as the connector because we are talking about a woman. Which woman?

The woman who helped me. The who helped me adjective clause is referring to the woman, the subject of the sentence. Notice that the subject of the second sentence has been replaced by who.

2nd option

This is the same explanation. The only thing that has changed is the connector that. I thanked the woman (independent clause), who (that) helped me (adjective c lause). The adjective clause modifies the noun woman.

This is another way to join.

Examples:

The book is mine. (Independent)
It is on the table. (Independent)

It is not used when connecting. The connector takes its place.

The adjective clause “which is on the table” refers to the subject the book. You c an also use that instead of which to join these two clauses.

        Excercise 2

Now it is your turn. Combine the two sentences using who, that or which.

1. The girl is happy. She won the race.

2.The student is from China. He sits next to me.

3.The students are from Norway. They sit in the front row.

4.We are studying sentences. They are about structures.

5.The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.

10.2.2 Using Object Pronouns (Who(m), Which and That)

When we saw point 10.2.1, we were replacing the subject of the sentences, in t his case we will be replacing the object. These are the connectors that you can use in this case.

who: Used for people.

Whom: Whom: Is the object form of who

Which: Used for things

That: Used for both people and things

Omit: In any situation when replacing the object you can omit the connector.

Example:

The man was Mr. Jones.
I saw him.

The pronoun I is not used when connecting. The connector takes its place.

Who: The man who I saw, was Mr. Jones.
Adjective Clause

Whom: The man whom I saw, was Mr. Jones.
Adjective Clause

That: The man that I saw, was Mr. Jones.
Adjective Clause

Omit: The man I saw, was Mr. Jones.
Adjective Clause

Who is usually used instead of whom, especially in speaking who is generally u sed only in formal English. An Object Pronoun is omitted from and Adjective Clause. (In this case a subject pronoun may not be omitted).

        Excercise 3

Check for yourself. Combine the sentences using the second sentence as an Adjective Clause. Give all the possible patterns.

1. The book was good. I read it.

2.I like the woman. I met her at the party last night.

3.I really enjoyed the composition. You wrote it.

4.The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday.

10.2.3 Pronouns Used as the Object of Prepositions

In formal English, the prepositions are at the beginning of the adjective clause. H owever, usually, in everyday usage, the prepositions are after the subject and verb of the adjective clause.
If the prepositions are at the beginning of the adjective clause, only whom or w hich may be used. A preposition is never immediately followed by that or who. These are the connectors that you can use in this case.

Whom + Preposition: Used for people

Preposition + whom: Used for people

Which + Preposition: Used for things

Preposition + which: Used for things

Who + Preposition: Used for people

That + Preposition: Used for both people and things

Omit + Preposition: In any situation when replacing the object you can omit the connector but not the preposition.

Examples:

        Excercise 4

Combine the sentences using the second sentence as an Adjective Clause. Give all the possible patterns.

1. The meeting was interesting. I went to it.

2. The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.

3. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.

4. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.

5. The man is standing over there. I was telling you about him.

10.2.4 Using "where"

Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house, etc.). If where is used, a preposition is not included in the adjective clause. If where is not used, a preposition must be included. These are the connectors that you can use in this case.

Where

Which + Preposition

Preposition + which

That + Preposition

Omit + Preposition

Example:

The building is very old. He lives there (in that building).

        Excercise 5

Combine the sentences using the second sentence as an adjective clause.

1. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there (in that city).

2. That is the restaurant. We will meet you there (at the restaurant).

3. The town is small. I grew up there (in that town).

4. That is the drawer. I keep my jewelry there (in that drawer).

10.2.5 Using "when"

When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, month, time, century, etc.). The use of a preposition in an Adjective Clause that modifies a noun of time is somewhat different from that in other Adjective Clauses. A preposition is used preceding which. Otherwise, the preposition is omitted (not used). These are the connectors that you can use:

When

Preposition + which

that

Omit

Example:

I'll never forget the day.
I met you then. (on that day)

When: I'll never forget the day when I met you.

In everyday English this combination is the most commonly used.

Preposition + which:    I'll never forget the day on which I met you.

That:                             I'll never forget the day that I met you.

Omit:                             I'll never forget the day I met you.

        Excercise 6

Combine the sentences using the second sentence as an adjective clause. Write all the possible patterns.

1. Monday is the day. We will come then (on that day).

2. 7:05 is the time. My plane arrives then (at that time).

3. 1960 is the year. The revolution took place then (in that year).

4. July is the month. The weather is the hottest then (in that month).

        Excercise 7

Underline the adjective clauses in the following sentences.

Example:

Patty: Timmy who is John's tallest brother will work until late tonight because his boss who is a very strict person wants him to finish the quarterly report for t he month of May. If he doesn't stay, His boss might fire him.

1. Lindsey: Do you talk to the girl who is wearing the red skirt? I personally think t hat she is a nice person but she should be more sociable.
Danny: I only see her talk to the tall boy who likes to wear the black leather jacket to school on Fridays.

2. Tommy: Why does your sister, who should arrive early, arrives after 12:00 on weekdays when the next morning is a school day?
Tim: Your mother who is always complaining about her should do something about this situation.

3. Paul: The tall lady that has three children and is standing next to the door, can give you the hairdresser's phone number and address.

4. Mary: Our big family will have a serious meeting where Tina's brother will explain about yesterday's incident with the neighbors who complained a bout the party.

5. George: The boy who is drinking orange juice in front of the lady that has long hair comes to this restaurant every Saturday to eat a donut and drink o range juice while he reads the book that his mother chooses for him.

6. Tim: The old man that lives next door says that we should hire a night watch man because he hears the neighbor's dog bark every night.

6. Sarah: John's parents, who will travel this weekend will be back in a week, so Timmy, who is John's cousin, says that we should plan a big party to c elebrate Ann's arrival.

7. Timmy: I ate the hamburger which my mother bought for my brother, because I was hungry and I didn't know that it was his so later when my brother a rrived and asked about his dinner I told him that Sarah, who is my oldest c ousin, ate it.

8. Raul: My Grandmother's house, where we spend Saturday afternoons, is h aunted. I saw something strange going out of the main closet, which is made of very old wood, last time we went there.

9. George: Sundays are the days, when I prefer to rest quietly in my house, because every one goes out and leaves me by myself.

10. George: Sundays are the days, when I prefer to rest quietly in my house, because every one goes out and leaves me by myself.

11. Tony: The 4th of July is the day when the declaration of independence was written.

12. Tina: That is the house where we grew up and we have many nice memories o f our childhood, which was fun because we were a very united family.

13. Tina: Harry: That is the hotel where we spent our honey moon in last year when we got married.